Approximately 96 million American adults-more than 1 in 3-have prediabetes. Levels should remain close to normal in a healthy pregnancy.Prediabetes is a serious health condition where blood sugar levels are higher than normal, but not high enough yet to be diagnosed as type 2 diabetes. HbA1c may slightly vary depending on the season (higher in warm months), a person’s ethnicity, gender, concurrent diagnoses, and genetic makeup. However, your doctor will make a diagnosis taking into account your medical history, symptoms, and other test results. Slightly higher levels point to prediabetes, while high levels (above 6.5% or 48 mmol/mol) indicate diabetes. Healthy people should keep their levels in the normal range, which is 4-5.6 % (20 – 38 mmol/mol). Because blood sugar and insulin fluctuations are directly associated with most chronic disease, HbA1C is one of the most useful tests for preventative health as well. Doctors usually order the HbA1c test to check for or monitor prediabetes or diabetes. HbA1c is a measure of your average blood glucose levels over the past 3 months. Testing HbA1c five or more times per year is redundant because HbA1c is a measure of average blood sugar over three months. Your doctor may suggest quarterly monitoring (every 3 months) if you have newly diagnosed or pregnancy-associated diabetes, rapidly changing HbA1c levels, changes in treatment or insulin dose, or if you have a history of hypoglycemia (low blood sugar). Having had diabetes in pregnancy (gestational diabetes)ĭiabetic patients with stable blood glucose levels should test HbA1c approximately twice a year.Having signs of insulin resistance or conditions associated with insulin resistance, such as high blood pressure (hypertension), low good cholesterol and/or high triglycerides (dyslipidemia), and polycystic ovary syndrome.Belonging to a certain race/ethnic group (Native Americans, African-Americans, Hispanic Americans, Asians/South Pacific Islanders).Having a close (first or second degree) relative with diabetes.Being overweight, obese, or physically inactive.How Often Should You Test HbA1c?Īccording to the American Diabetes Association, screening for diabetes is recommended in people over 45 (every 3 years), or at any age if you have certain risk factors, including : The HbA1c test requires a blood sample, either drawn from your arm or taken with a finger prick. If your red blood cells live longer than 90 days or they are smaller (as measured by MCV in a blood test), then your HbA1C will be artificially higher. It is possible to have high blood glucose but low HbA1c due to the presence of hemoglobin variants, inflammation, or other factors that increase red blood cell turn over. However, HbA1c does not always correlate with blood glucose levels. Normal adult hemoglobin consists predominantly of HbA1, of which HbA1c comprises approximately 5%. Of this 2 – 3 month period, the immediately preceding 30 days contribute 50% to HbA1c. Therefore, the HbA1c is an index of average blood sugar levels over the preceding 2 to 3 months. The lifespan of a red blood cell varies from person to person but averages out to approximately 117 days in men and 106 days in women. The higher the blood glucose level gets the more HbA1c forms throughout the lifespan of a red blood cell. Red blood cells (RBCs) are exposed to glucose in the blood. HbA1c is sugar bound to hemoglobin in red blood cells. A plus sign next to the number “” means that the information is found within the full scientific study rather than the abstract. If you feel that any of our content is inaccurate, out-of-date, or otherwise questionable, please leave a comment or contact us at that each number in parentheses is a clickable link to peer-reviewed scientific studies. Our goal is to not have a single piece of inaccurate information on this website. They are continually monitored by our internal peer-review process and if we see anyone making material science errors, we don't let them write for us again. Our science team must pass long technical science tests, difficult logical reasoning and reading comprehension tests. Our science team is put through the strictest vetting process in the health industry and we often reject applicants who have written articles for many of the largest health websites that are deemed trustworthy. Our team comprises of trained MDs, PhDs, pharmacists, qualified scientists, and certified health and wellness specialists.Īll of our content is written by scientists and people with a strong science background. We are dedicated to providing the most scientifically valid, unbiased, and comprehensive information on any given topic. We believe that the most accurate information is found directly in the scientific source. SelfDecode has the strictest sourcing guidelines in the health industry and we almost exclusively link to medically peer-reviewed studies, usually on PubMed.
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In the morning, they were surprised to discover the animals at either end of the observation tank, with the iguana alive and well. After the snake constricted its prey for an hour, the team collected both animals-assuming the iguana was dead-and went to bed. When you're an anaconda, you don't need venom to take down your prey, even if it's the world's largest rodent, a capybara, weighing nearly 100 pounds (45 kilograms)! Ectotherm's RevengeĪs interesting as his revelation is, Boback says there's still much we don't know.įor instance, there's evidence that boa constrictors have a tougher time killing ectotherms, animals such as lizards and snakes that rely on external heat to regulate their body temperatures.ĭuring a recent expedition to Honduras, for instance, Boback and several other scientists observed a boa constrictor attacking a spinytail iguana. Watch a video of an anaconda stalking a capybara. "If it doesn't get the attack exactly right, something big like a capybara can chew right through the body of an anaconda." "Almost every time an anaconda takes something down, it's putting its face on that animal," says Rosolie, who wasn't involved in the new research. ( Watch a video of an anaconda taking down its prey.) But a snake just has a mouth-making it extremely vulnerable. Think about other animals living alongside boa constrictors in tropical rain forests, says Rosolie: They have teeth, hooves, and claws capable of kicking and ripping. "That absolutely makes sense," says Paul Rosolie, a conservationist who has spent the last decade working with anacondas. The quicker the snakes can disable their prey, the lower the chance the predator will get hurt in the process. The team theorizes that killing by circulatory arrest has given all constricting snakes-which includes pythons and anacondas-an evolutionary advantage. Once blood flow ceases, organs with high metabolic rates-such as the brain, the liver, and the heart itself-begin to shut down. (See " Giant Python Meals That Went Bust.") "A boa constricting a small rat is generating the kind of pressure that would stop the blood flow in your arm," says Boback, whose study appears July 22 in the Journal of Experimental Biology.īut even this light pressure, when applied to a rat's torso, makes its system goes haywire, the team discovered. Surprisingly, the pressures at which the snakes cinched against the rats weren't all that remarkable. Then they fed the outfitted rats to captive boa constrictors and measured what happened to the lab rats. (Also see " Pictures: How a Python Can Swallow a Crocodile.") Vascular catheters measured blood pressure, for instance, while electrodes secured within the rats' chest cavities provided information about the heart's electrical activity. To better understand the snakes' constriction mechanism, Boback and his colleagues at Dickinson anesthetized lab rats and then rigged the animals with various instruments. If executed perfectly, the powerful squeeze causes the animal to pass out within a matter of seconds. Click here to read more: " Why We Were Totally Wrong About How Boa Constrictors Kill" Video courtesy Dickinson College JBoa constrictors kill their prey not by suffocating them but by cutting off their blood circulation, new research shows. Vip Club - New Movie /Salty Blood on Pale Skin - part 2/ Starring: Arwaelen. Graias New Movie Released / Tiny cutie likes it - Part 3/ Starring: Lena. We will be grateful to see your feedback about this new feature in General Chat. Vip Club - New Movie /Nailing down Her Huge Boobs/ Starring: Arwaelen. You can also go back to the source post by clicking the link in the blue header above screenshots.Ĭheck it out, enjoy and share your opinion. 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The book includes endnotes, a bibliography, and an index. Later she ran the Howard Orphan Asylum for Black Children in Kings Park, Long Island, NY. Banister received the American Nurses Association Mary Eliza Mahoney. First a maid in the New England Hospital for Women and Children, Mahoney was admitted to the program in 1878. Rebecca Lee Crumpler, MD, was originally a nurse who attended the New England. But they kept going, despite the obstacles. The road to attaining the knowledge these healers longed for was adifficult one. As doctors, nurses, and scientists, they have madevital contributions to the health of the American people. These stories help young readers to dream big and stay curious. In 1879, Mary Elizabeth Mahoney became the first black nurse to graduate in a nursing program in the United States. Throughout American history, determined African Americans havebecome healers. Mary Eliza Mahoney was the first Black professional nurse in the United States. Crumpler but Mary Eliza Mahoney, the first African American nurse. In 1852, Crumpler moved to Charleston, MA, to practice nursing for 8 years. It is believed that her aunt in Pennsylvania may have inspired her career decision because she treated sick neighbors. In these profiles, young readers will find role models, inspirations, and maybe even reasons to be the STEM leaders of tomorrow. Rebecca Lee Crumpler, MD, (born Rebecca Davis in 1831) was the first. She is remembered on the Charlestown Women’s Trail as well as the West End Trail and the Hyde Park Trail. Rebecca Lee Crumpler (1831 1895) Rebecca Lee Crumpler was the first African American woman in the United States to earn an M.D. Crumpler and Arthur, who was buried next to her, headstones 125 years after her death, in 2020, those headstones were. In 2019, a fund-raising campaign was started to give both Dr. She was buried in Fairview Cemetery in the Hyde Park neighborhood without a headstone. Including groundbreaking computer scientists, doctors, inventors, physicists, pharmacists, mathematicians, aviators, and many more, this book celebrates more than 50 women who have shattered the glass ceiling, defied racial discrimination, and pioneered in their fields. Rebecca Lee Crumpler died of fibroid tumors on March 9, 1895, at age 64. Bibliography Includes bibliographical references (page 195) and index ContentsĪ celebratory and inspiring look at some of the most important black women in STEM Award-winning author Tonya Bolden explores the black women who have changed the world of STEM (Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics) in America. Avast Cleanup Premium pricing policyĪvast Cleanup offers subscription plans for both individual users and businesses with multiple Macs. Therefore, you can trust that Avast Cleanup is safe and reliable for your Mac. Avast Cleanup is also Apple-notarized, meaning that it meets certain Apple safety standards. 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The answers to the linked question have various other solutions to that. (On linux as an alternative to being root for reserved ports you can use POSIX capabilities, see, however this will not work on standard versions of OpenSSH as it has an extra hard-coded check on port numbers, unless compiled with NO_IPPORT_RESERVED_CONCEPT defined. Using a SOCKS proxy ( -D) as suggested may cause some surprises, depending on SOCKS/DNS/firewall/NAT configuration. You will need to set up SSH tunnelling in two scenarios, 1) You want to access remote resources that you cant access, 2) If you want people from the outside network can access your web server hosted on the local network. Using a non-privileged port may work, again depending on your site: ssh -L 1080:127.0.0.1:80 SSH from the destination to the source (with public IP) using the command below: ssh -R 19999:localhost:22. SSH Tunneling allows access to resources on the remote server or allows access to your local resources to someone else. I'd strongly suggest not allowing ssh login for root. Something like TeamViewer doesnt work, since these kinds of remote access options are blocked by the firewall. My work desktop is an Ubuntu, and Im trying to access it from home through a Windows laptop. To forward port 80 you only need to be root on the desktop, ''not'' the webserver. Setting up a reverse SSH tunnel to access remote ubuntu pc from windows. or if the site name must match due to the virtual-hosting set up then you'll need to add that to your desktop hosts file: 127.0.0.1 You could define an alias on the server vhost so that you can use one name for 127.0.0.1 like "", and the real name to go directly, if that's ever going to be useful - forgetting to remove entries from the hosts file is a good way to cause confusion. device_id.pem that should forward your connection to the embedded device.Once the tunnel is set up (with -L) you need to change the URL you use, e.g. Unlike other connection methods, reverse SSH enables Stitch to establish a connection to a database in your private network without opening holes in your. The script to put onto your desktop machines would look like (assuming the argument $1 is the IP of the embedded device, and that prod_remote_device.sh executes the above script on the chosen embedded device.) #!/bin/bash middle_id.pem -R 22:localhost:2222 private key authentication would be a way of making the login non-interactive) The script to put onto your embedded devices would look like #!/bin/bash So, fire up a new server on a global IP (an Amazon AWS micro node is free for a year and would do the job just fine), and install an ssh deamon. But it would be very easy to set up, assuming that your 'other means of executing a script' are remote and can be executed from your office. You will, as you say, need a middle-man server. Pointers to other questions I may have missed (although I have looked) or to applications that I should consider for the central "meeting point" server welcomed We're OK to develop code at either end or at the meeting point server if required, but obviously if there are apps out there so we don't have to write stuff, even better. But what are my options in this NAT'd environment? Without the NAT, it's just SSH to the device and away we go. We can (through other means) tell the device to execute some arbitary script or application to start up the session. If necessary, we could require the support person to log into some sort of terminal server, but I'd prefer a solution that just popped up a terminal window on their desktop. Their local terminal will also be NAT'd behind a corporate firewall, so we need some central "meeting point" that both they and the device can connect to. We need for a support person to be able to initiate a terminal/shell session on any of the devices. Many embedded devices (running Linux) out in the fields, behind routers so NAT'd and we can't make connections to them. Can this be modified to set up reverse SSH for multiple hosts behind firewalls, with as much automation as possible E.g., the port s on the middleman machine. Let us consider that you work as a Product Manager in a SAFe organization. How Can A Product Manager Support the Core Values of SAFe? Its focus is on the organization as a whole so that it will be possible to create sustainable, feasible, viable and desirable solutions. Even, this mindset is supported by the techniques and tools of design thinking. Here, the customer is placed as the focal point for any decisions made. According to Scaled Agile Framework, effective Product Management is motivated by a mindset that is focused more on customers. For instance, some solutions need a single Product Manager, while some might need a group of Product Managers. 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